Personal Protective Equipment in General Industry

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) represents the last line of defense in the hierarchy of controls — it does not eliminate the hazard but reduces worker exposure when engineering and administrative controls are not fully effective. Under 29 CFR 1910.132, employers must conduct a written hazard assessment to determine what PPE is required, provide that PPE at no cost to employees (for most required PPE), and train workers on its selection, use, and maintenance. Supervisors must document the hazard assessment and verify daily PPE use.

Head protection (29 CFR 1910.135) is required wherever there is a potential for objects falling from above, bumping the head against fixed objects, or accidental contact with electrical hazards. Hard hats are classified by electrical class: Class E (electrical, rated to 20,000V), Class G (general, 2,200V), and Class C (conductive, no electrical protection). Hard hats also have Type I (top impact) and Type II (top and lateral impact) designations. In general industry, hard hats must be inspected before each use for cracks, dents, or penetration that compromise integrity.

Eye and face protection (29 CFR 1910.133) is required when workers face hazards from flying particles, liquid chemicals, acid or caustic liquids, chemical gases, molten metal, light radiation, or potentially infected materials. Safety glasses provide splash side protection but not full chemical protection; chemical splash goggles create a sealed environment around the eyes. Face shields protect against splashing liquids and large particles but must be worn over appropriate eye protection. Welding requires specific filter lens shades based on the welding process.

Foot protection under 1910.136 must be provided when hazards include falling or rolling objects, objects piercing the sole, or exposure to electrical hazards. Steel-toed footwear is rated by impact resistance (ASTM F2413). Respiratory protection (1910.134) requires a written program, medical evaluation, fit testing, and training before use. Supervisors must verify that respirators are selected based on the specific contaminant and that workers are properly fit-tested — a respirator used without proper fit provides minimal protection.